TAFSEER-E-ASEDI
By
Shaikh Mir Asedullah Quadri
سورة المجادلة
The Pleading Woman
Al-Mujaadilah | Sura # 58 | 22 verses | Madinan
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
In the name of Allah, the Most Compassionate and Most Merciful
قَدْ سَمِعَ اللَّهُ قَوْلَ الَّتِي تُجَادِلُكَ فِي زَوْجِهَا وَتَشْتَكِي إِلَى اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ يَسْمَعُ تَحَاوُرَكُمَا ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ سَمِيعٌ بَصِيرٌ١
58:1 Allah has indeed heard the talk of the woman (Khawlah bint Tha‘labah, who had been divorced by her Husband Aus bin As-Samit ) saying : 'You are to me like my mother' (which was a practice for divorce among pagan Arabs), who pleaded with you against her husband and made her complaint to Allah, and Allah has heard what you said to each other. Allah hears all and sees all.
It is reported in Ahadith that when Khawlah bin Tha'labah (رضئ اللہ تعالی عنہا) was pleading with the Prophet (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم) about the action of her husband (in divorcing her by a pre-Islamic custom of Zihar) that his action will ruin her children, the verses about Zihar in this Sura were revealed.
Zihar was a practice among Arabs in which a husband would say to his wife : 'you are to me like the back of my mother' (أنتِ عليَّ كَظَهرِ أمي). This meant that 'you are unlawful for me in conjugal relations. This was done to deprive her rights and keep her like a captive and not letting her marry anyone else. Allah (عَزَّ وَجَلَّ) forbade this pre-Islamic practice.
It is in Hadith - Khuwaylah (رضئ اللہ تعالی عنہا), the daughter of Malik ibn Tha'labah narrated that, ‘her husband, Aws ibn as-Samit (رضئ اللہ تعالی عنہ), pronounced the words, you are like my mother. So, I came to the Apostle of Allah, complaining to him about my husband.’ The Apostle of Allah (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم) disputed with me and said, ‘remain dutiful to Allah (عَزَّ وَجَلَّ), he is your cousin.’ I continued (complaining) until the Qur'anic verse came down, [Allah has indeed heard the talk of the woman (Khawlah bint Tha‘labah, who had been divorced by her Husband Aus bin As-Samit ) saying : 'You are to me like my mother' (which was a practice for divorce among pagan Arabs), who pleaded with you against her husband and made her complaint to Allah, and Allah has heard what you said to each other. Allah hears all and sees all.] (Al-Mujaadilah - 1) till the prescription of expiation. The Prophet (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم) then said, ‘he should set free a slave.’ She said, ‘He cannot afford it.’ He said, ‘he should fast for two consecutive months.’ She said, ‘Apostle of Allah (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم), he is an old man; he cannot keep fasts.’ He said, ‘he should feed sixty poor people.’ She said, ‘he has nothing which he may give in alms.’ At that moment an Araq (date-basket holding fifteen or sixteen sa's) was brought to the Prophet (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم). I said, ‘I shall help him with another date-basket (Araq).’ He said, ‘you have done well. Go and feed sixty poor people on his behalf and return to your cousin.’ The narrator said, an Araq holds sixty sa's of dates. Imam Abu Dawud said, ‘she atoned on his behalf without seeking his permission.’ (Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 13, Hadith # 40)
الَّذِينَ يُظَاهِرُونَ مِنْكُمْ مِنْ نِسَائِهِمْ مَا هُنَّ أُمَّهَاتِهِمْ ۖ إِنْ أُمَّهَاتُهُمْ إِلَّا اللَّائِي وَلَدْنَهُمْ ۚ وَإِنَّهُمْ لَيَقُولُونَ مُنْكَرًا مِنَ الْقَوْلِ وَزُورًا ۚ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَعَفُوٌّ غَفُورٌ٢
58:2 Those of you who divorce their wives by (the pagan practice of) Zihar (calling wives to be like their mothers) should know that they are not their mothers. Their mothers are only those who gave birth to them. Surely the words they utter are absurd and false. Allah could punish them for this but He forgave them, surely Allah is All Pardoning, All Forgiving.
وَالَّذِينَ يُظَاهِرُونَ مِنْ نِسَائِهِمْ ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِمَا قَالُوا فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسَّا ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ تُوعَظُونَ بِهِ ۚ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ٣
58:3 And those who divorce their wives by Zihar, then wish to go back (free themselves) from what they said, the penalty is to free a captive before they touch each other. This is prescribed for you (so that you may not return to such an evil thing). Allah is All-Aware of what you do.
فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسَّا ۖ فَمَنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَإِطْعَامُ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا ۚ ذَٰلِكَ لِتُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ ۚ وَتِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ ۗ وَلِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ٤
58:4 And he who does not find (money for freeing a captive), then must fast for 2 successive months before they both touch each other. For him who is unable to do so (fast), he shall feed 60 poor people. This is (enjoined) in order that you may believe in Allah and His Apostle (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم). These are the limits of Allah. For disbelievers, there is a painful punishment.
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُحَادُّونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ كُبِتُوا كَمَا كُبِتَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ ۚ وَقَدْ أَنْزَلْنَا آيَاتٍ بَيِّنَاتٍ ۚ وَلِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابٌ مُهِينٌ٥
58:5 Indeed, those who defy Allah and His Apostle (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم) will be debased, just like those before them. We have certainly sent down clear revelations. And the disbelievers will suffer a humiliating punishment.
يَوْمَ يَبْعَثُهُمُ اللَّهُ جَمِيعًا فَيُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا عَمِلُوا ۚ أَحْصَاهُ اللَّهُ وَنَسُوهُ ۚ وَاللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ٦
58:6 On the Day of Judgment Allah will raise them all, back to life, then inform them about what they have done. Allah has kept full record of their deeds even though they may have forgotten, for Allah is a witness over all things.
أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ ۖ مَا يَكُونُ مِنْ نَجْوَىٰ ثَلَاثَةٍ إِلَّا هُوَ رَابِعُهُمْ وَلَا خَمْسَةٍ إِلَّا هُوَ سَادِسُهُمْ وَلَا أَدْنَىٰ مِنْ ذَٰلِكَ وَلَا أَكْثَرَ إِلَّا هُوَ مَعَهُمْ أَيْنَ مَا كَانُوا ۖ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا عَمِلُوا يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ٧
58:7 Do not you realize that Allah knows everything in the heavens and on earth? There is no secret conversation between three people, but He is their fourth; nor between five, but He is their sixth; nor between less than that, nor more, but He is with them wherever they are. Then, on the Day of Resurrection, He will inform them of what they did. Allah has knowledge of all the things.
أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ نُهُوا عَنِ النَّجْوَىٰ ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِمَا نُهُوا عَنْهُ وَيَتَنَاجَوْنَ بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ وَمَعْصِيَتِ الرَّسُولِ وَإِذَا جَاءُوكَ حَيَّوْكَ بِمَا لَمْ يُحَيِّكَ بِهِ اللَّهُ وَيَقُولُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ لَوْلَا يُعَذِّبُنَا اللَّهُ بِمَا نَقُولُ ۚ حَسْبُهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ يَصْلَوْنَهَا ۖ فَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ٨
58:8 Have you not seen those who were forbidden from secret talks, yet they (always) return to what they were forbidden from, conspiring in sin, aggression, and disobedience to the Apostle (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم)? And when they come to you (O' Apostle ﷺ), they greet you not as Allah greets you, and say to one another, 'Why does Allah not punish us for what we say?' Hell is enough for them, they will burn in it. And what an evil destination (is Hell)!
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا تَنَاجَيْتُمْ فَلَا تَتَنَاجَوْا بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ وَمَعْصِيَتِ الرَّسُولِ وَتَنَاجَوْا بِالْبِرِّ وَالتَّقْوَىٰ ۖ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ الَّذِي إِلَيْهِ تُحْشَرُونَ٩
58:9 O' believers! When you converse privately, let it not be for sin, aggression, or disobedience to the Apostle (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم), but let it be for goodness and righteousness. And fear Allah, to Whom you will (all) be gathered.
إِنَّمَا النَّجْوَىٰ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ لِيَحْزُنَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَلَيْسَ بِضَارِّهِمْ شَيْئًا إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ ۚ وَعَلَى اللَّهِ فَلْيَتَوَكَّلِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ١٠
58:10 Secret counsels (conspiracies) are only from Satan so that he may cause grief to those who believe. But he cannot harm them in anything except with the permission of Allah. In Allah let the believers put their trust.
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا قِيلَ لَكُمْ تَفَسَّحُوا فِي الْمَجَالِسِ فَافْسَحُوا يَفْسَحِ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ ۖ وَإِذَا قِيلَ انْشُزُوا فَانْشُزُوا يَرْفَعِ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَالَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْعِلْمَ دَرَجَاتٍ ۚ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ١١
58:11 O' believers! When you are asked to make room in your meetings, make room, Allah will make room for you in the Hereafter. And if you are told to rise up, then rise up. Allah will raise to higher ranks those of you who have faith and knowledge. Allah is aware of all your actions.
Allah (عَزَّ وَجَلَّ) is teaching the etiquette to Muslims how to organize themselves in their large assemblies of all kinds. There are many related Ahadith in this context.
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا نَاجَيْتُمُ الرَّسُولَ فَقَدِّمُوا بَيْنَ يَدَيْ نَجْوَاكُمْ صَدَقَةً ۚ ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ وَأَطْهَرُ ۚ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَجِدُوا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ١٢
58:12 O you who believe! When you wish to consult the Apostle of Allah (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم) in private, spend something in charity before your private consultation. That will be better and purer for you. But if you don’t find (anything), then surely, Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.
Ibn Jarir reported that Abdullah bin Abbas (رضئ اللہ تعالی عنہ) narrated that this command was given because the Muslims had started requesting the Prophet (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم) for private counsel much too frequently even about general issues that related to everyone, and this had put him to great inconvenience. Allah (عَزَّ وَجَلَّ) wanted to put an end to it.
أَأَشْفَقْتُمْ أَنْ تُقَدِّمُوا بَيْنَ يَدَيْ نَجْوَاكُمْ صَدَقَاتٍ ۚ فَإِذْ لَمْ تَفْعَلُوا وَتَابَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ فَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ ۚ وَاللَّهُ خَبِيرٌ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ١٣
58:13 Are you afraid to spend in charity before your private consultation (with the Prophet ﷺ )? If you cannot afford, Allah will forgive you; so establish prayer and give obligatory charity and obey Allah and His Apostle (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم). Allah is Well Aware of what you do.
أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْا قَوْمًا غَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا هُمْ مِنْكُمْ وَلَا مِنْهُمْ وَيَحْلِفُونَ عَلَى الْكَذِبِ وَهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ١٤
58:14 Have you (O' Prophet ﷺ ) not seen those (hypocrites) who take as friends those who are under the Wrath of Allah? They are neither of you nor of them and they knowingly swear to a lie.
أَعَدَّ اللَّهُ لَهُمْ عَذَابًا شَدِيدًا ۖ إِنَّهُمْ سَاءَ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ١٥
58:15 Allah has prepared for them severe punishment. Indeed evil is that which they do.
اتَّخَذُوا أَيْمَانَهُمْ جُنَّةً فَصَدُّوا عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ مُهِينٌ١٦
58:16 They use their oaths as shields, and debar others from the Way of Allah. They shall have a humiliating punishment.
لَنْ تُغْنِيَ عَنْهُمْ أَمْوَالُهُمْ وَلَا أَوْلَادُهُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ شَيْئًا ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ ۖ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ١٧
58:17 Their wealth and their children will not help them a bit against Allah! They are the people of the (Hell) Fire, and in it they shall remain forever!
يَوْمَ يَبْعَثُهُمُ اللَّهُ جَمِيعًا فَيَحْلِفُونَ لَهُ كَمَا يَحْلِفُونَ لَكُمْ ۖ وَيَحْسَبُونَ أَنَّهُمْ عَلَىٰ شَيْءٍ ۚ أَلَا إِنَّهُمْ هُمُ الْكَاذِبُونَ١٨
58:18 On the Day when Allah will raise them all to life, they will swear to Him as they now swear to you, thinking that their oaths will help them. By no means (their false oaths will help them)! Surely they are the liars.
اسْتَحْوَذَ عَلَيْهِمُ الشَّيْطَانُ فَأَنْسَاهُمْ ذِكْرَ اللَّهِ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ حِزْبُ الشَّيْطَانِ ۚ أَلَا إِنَّ حِزْبَ الشَّيْطَانِ هُمُ الْخَاسِرُونَ١٩
58:19 Satan has taken hold of them, causing them to forget the remembrance of Allah. They are the party of Satan. Surely Satan’s party is bound to lose.
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُحَادُّونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ أُولَٰئِكَ فِي الْأَذَلِّينَ٢٠
58:20 Disgrace will strike those who oppose Allah and His Apostle (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم) (in both the worlds).
كَتَبَ اللَّهُ لَأَغْلِبَنَّ أَنَا وَرُسُلِي ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ٢١
58:21 Allah has decreed : 'Surely! I and My Apostles will prevail (be victorious).' Surely, Allah is All Powerful, Almighty.
لَا تَجِدُ قَوْمًا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ يُوَادُّونَ مَنْ حَادَّ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَلَوْ كَانُوا آبَاءَهُمْ أَوْ أَبْنَاءَهُمْ أَوْ إِخْوَانَهُمْ أَوْ عَشِيرَتَهُمْ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ كَتَبَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الْإِيمَانَ وَأَيَّدَهُمْ بِرُوحٍ مِنْهُ ۖ وَيُدْخِلُهُمْ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهَارُ خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا ۚ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ وَرَضُوا عَنْهُ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ حِزْبُ اللَّهِ ۚ أَلَا إِنَّ حِزْبَ اللَّهِ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ٢٢
58:22 (O' truthful believers) You will never find any people who (truthfully) believe in Allah and the Last Day on friendly terms with those who oppose Allah and His Apostle (صلى الله عليه و آله وسلم), even though they are their fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their kindred. For such, He has inscribed faith in their hearts and has strengthened them with a spirit from Him. And He will admit them to Gardens (Paradise) under which rivers flow, to reside in it forever. Allah will be pleased with them, and they will be pleased with Him. They belong to Allah's party. Verily Allah's party shall prosper.
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